Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a security measure that requires users to provide two or more verification factors to access a resource, such as an application or online account. This method combines something the user knows (like a password) with something they have (such as a physical token) or something intrinsic to the user (like biometric verification). Implementing MFA significantly reduces the risk of credential theft and unauthorized access, making it harder for threat actors to compromise accounts.

Active management of systems and configurations involves taking inventory of network devices and software, removing unnecessary hardware and software, and starting from a known baseline. By actively managing devices, applications, operating systems, and security configurations, organizations can reduce their attack surface and adapt to dynamic threat environments. This proactive approach ensures that systems remain secure, scalable, and efficient.

A well-exercised system recovery plan is vital for ensuring continuity in the face of unexpected events, such as natural disasters or cyber threats like ransomware. This plan should include creating, reviewing, and practicing a comprehensive disaster recovery strategy that protects critical data and configurations. Regular testing and evaluation of the backup plan are essential to accommodate changes in the network environment, helping organizations mitigate the impact of disruptions and assure stakeholders of their resilience.